6.4 KiB
6.4 KiB
Language Reference
Primitive Numeric Types:
| zig | C equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|
| bool | bool | unsigned 1-bit integer |
| i8 | int8_t | signed 8-bit integer |
| u8 | uint8_t | unsigned 8-bit integer |
| i16 | int16_t | signed 16-bit integer |
| u16 | uint16_t | unsigned 16-bit integer |
| i32 | int32_t | signed 32-bit integer |
| u32 | uint32_t | unsigned 32-bit integer |
| i64 | int64_t | signed 64-bit integer |
| u64 | uint64_t | unsigned 64-bit integer |
| f32 | float | 32-bit IEE754 floating point |
| f64 | double | 64-bit IEE754 floating point |
| f128 | long double | 128-bit IEE754 floating point |
| isize | intptr_t | signed pointer sized integer |
| usize | uintptr_t | unsigned pointer sized integer |
| c_short | short | for API compatibility with C |
| c_ushort | unsigned short | for API compatibility with C |
| c_int | int | for API compatibility with C |
| c_uint | unsigned int | for API compatibility with C |
| c_long | long | for API compatibility with C |
| c_ulong | unsigned long | for API compatibility with C |
| c_longlong | long long | for API compatibility with C |
| c_ulonglong | unsigned long long | for API compatibility with C |
Grammar
Root : many(TopLevelDecl) token(EOF)
TopLevelDecl : FnDef | ExternBlock | RootExportDecl | Use
Use : many(Directive) token(Use) token(String) token(Semicolon)
RootExportDecl : many(Directive) token(Export) token(Symbol) token(String) token(Semicolon)
ExternBlock : many(Directive) token(Extern) token(LBrace) many(FnDecl) token(RBrace)
FnProto : many(Directive) option(FnVisibleMod) token(Fn) token(Symbol) ParamDeclList option(token(Arrow) Type)
Directive : token(NumberSign) token(Symbol) token(LParen) token(String) token(RParen)
FnVisibleMod : token(Pub) | token(Export)
FnDecl : FnProto token(Semicolon)
FnDef : FnProto Block
ParamDeclList : token(LParen) list(ParamDecl, token(Comma)) token(RParen)
ParamDecl : token(Symbol) token(Colon) Type | token(Ellipsis)
Type : token(Symbol) | token(Unreachable) | token(Void) | PointerType | ArrayType
PointerType : token(Star) (token(Const) | token(Mut)) Type
ArrayType : token(LBracket) Type token(Semicolon) Expression token(RBracket)
Block : token(LBrace) list(option(Statement), token(Semicolon)) token(RBrace)
Statement : Label | VariableDeclaration token(Semicolon) | NonBlockExpression token(Semicolon) | BlockExpression
Label: token(Symbol) token(Colon)
VariableDeclaration : token(Let) option(token(Mut)) token(Symbol) (token(Eq) Expression | token(Colon) Type option(token(Eq) Expression))
Expression : BlockExpression | NonBlockExpression
NonBlockExpression : ReturnExpression | AssignmentExpression
AssignmentExpression : BoolOrExpression token(Equal) BoolOrExpression | BoolOrExpression
BlockExpression : IfExpression | Block
BoolOrExpression : BoolAndExpression token(BoolOr) BoolAndExpression | BoolAndExpression
ReturnExpression : token(Return) option(Expression)
IfExpression : token(If) Expression Block option(Else | ElseIf)
ElseIf : token(Else) IfExpression
Else : token(Else) Block
BoolAndExpression : ComparisonExpression token(BoolAnd) ComparisonExpression | ComparisonExpression
ComparisonExpression : BinaryOrExpression ComparisonOperator BinaryOrExpression | BinaryOrExpression
ComparisonOperator : token(BoolEq) | token(BoolNotEq) | token(BoolLessThan) | token(BoolGreaterThan) | token(BoolLessEqual) | token(BoolGreaterEqual)
BinaryOrExpression : BinaryXorExpression token(BinOr) BinaryXorExpression | BinaryXorExpression
BinaryXorExpression : BinaryAndExpression token(BinXor) BinaryAndExpression | BinaryAndExpression
BinaryAndExpression : BitShiftExpression token(BinAnd) BitShiftExpression | BitShiftExpression
BitShiftExpression : AdditionExpression BitShiftOperator AdditionExpression | AdditionExpression
BitShiftOperator : token(BitShiftLeft | token(BitShiftRight)
AdditionExpression : MultiplyExpression AdditionOperator MultiplyExpression | MultiplyExpression
AdditionOperator : token(Plus) | token(Minus)
MultiplyExpression : CastExpression MultiplyOperator CastExpression | CastExpression
MultiplyOperator : token(Star) | token(Slash) | token(Percent)
CastExpression : PrefixOpExpression token(as) Type | PrefixOpExpression
PrefixOpExpression : PrefixOp SuffixOpExpression | SuffixOpExpression
SuffixOpExpression : PrimaryExpression option(FnCallExpression | ArrayAccessExpression)
FnCallExpression : token(LParen) list(Expression, token(Comma)) token(RParen)
ArrayAccessExpression : token(LBracket) Expression token(RBracket)
PrefixOp : token(Not) | token(Dash) | token(Tilde)
PrimaryExpression : token(Number) | token(String) | KeywordLiteral | GroupedExpression | token(Symbol) | Goto
Goto: token(Goto) token(Symbol)
GroupedExpression : token(LParen) Expression token(RParen)
KeywordLiteral : token(Unreachable) | token(Void) | token(True) | token(False)
Operator Precedence
x() x[]
!x -x ~x
as
* / %
+ -
<< >>
&
^
|
== != < > <= >=
&&
||
= += -=
Literals
Characters and Strings
| Example | Characters | Escapes | Null Terminated
Byte | 'H' | All ASCII | Byte | No UTF-8 Bytes | "hello" | All Unicode | Byte & Unicode | No UTF-8 C string | c"hello" | All Unicode | Byte & Unicode | Yes
Byte Escapes
| Name
\x7F | 8-bit character code (exactly 2 digits) \n | Newline \r | Carriage return \t | Tab \ | Backslash \0 | Null ' | Single quote " | Double quote
Unicode Escapes
| Name
\u{7FFF} | 24-bit Unicode character code (up to 6 digits)
Numbers
Number literals | Example | Exponentiation
Decimal integer | 98222 | N/A Hex integer | 0xff | N/A Octal integer | 0o77 | N/A Binary integer | 0b11110000 | N/A Floating-point | 123.0E+77 | Optional